Scientific

The popular Richard & Louise Guy lecture series celebrates the joy of discovery and wonder in mathematics for everyone. Indeed, the lecture series was a 90th birthday present from Louise Guy to Richard in recognition of his love of mathematics and his desire to share his passion with the world. Richard Guy is the author of over 100 publications including works in combinatorial game theory, number theory and graph theory. He strives to make mathematics accessible to all.

Dr. Ronald Graham, Chief Scientist at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology and the Irwin and Joan Jacobs Professor in Computer Science at UC San Diego.

Dr. Ronald Graham, Chief Scientist at the California Institute for Telecommunications and Information Technology and the Irwin and Joan Jacobs Professor in Computer Science at UC San Diego, will the present the lecture, Juggling Mathematics & Magic. Dr. Graham’s talk will demonstrate some of the surprising connections between the mystery of magic, the art of juggling, and the some interesting ideas from mathematics.

Ronald Graham, the Irwin and Joan Jacobs Professor in Computer Science and Engineering at UC San Diego (and an accomplished trampolinist and juggler), demonstrates some of the surprising connections between the mystery of magic, the art of juggling, and some interesting ideas from mathematics. The lecture is intended for a general audience.

The main optimization problem in many applications in signal processing (e.g. in image reconstruction, MRI, seismic images, etc.) and statistics (e.g. model selection in regression methods), is the following sparse optimization problem. The goal is finding a sparse solution to the underdetermined linear system Ax = b, where A is an m x n matrix and b is an m-vector and m ≤ n [2]. The problem can be written as

min (over x) ||x||₁ subject to Ax = b.

There are several approaches to this problem that generally aim at approximate solutions, and often solve a simplified version of the original problem. For example passing from ℓ-norm to ℓ₁-norm yields an interesting convexification of the problem [1]. Moreover the equality Ax = b does not cover noisy cases in which Ax + r = b for some noise vector r

min (over x) ||x||₁ subject to ||Ax - b||₂ ≤ σ.

Extensive theoretical [6, 7] and practical studies [5, 8] have been carried on solving this problem and various succesfull methods adopting interior-point algorithms, gradient projections, etc. have been tested. The discrete nature of the original problem also suggests possibility of viewing the problem as a mixed-integer optimization problem [3]. However common methods for solving such mixed-integer optimization problems (e.g. Benders’ decomposition) iteratively generate hard binary optimization subproblems [4]. The exciting possibility that quantum computers may be able to perform certain computations faster than digital computers has recently spiked with the quantum hardware of D-Wave systems. The current implementations of quantum systems based on the principles of quantum adiabatic evolution, provide experimental resources for studying algorithms that reduce computationally hard problems to those that are native to the specific evolution carried by the system. In this project we will explore possibilities of designing optimization algorithms that use the power of quantum annealing in solving sparse recovery problems.

References
[1] Emmanuel J. Cand´es, Justin K. Romberg, and Terence Tao. Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements. Communications on Pure and Applied Mathematics, 59(8):1207–1223, 2006.
[2] Simon Foucart and Holger Rauhut. A Mathematical Introduction to Compressive Sensing. Birkh¨user Basel, 2013.
[3] N.B. Karahanoglu, H. Erdogan, and S.I. Birbil. A mixed integer linear programming formulation for the sparse recovery problem in compressed sensing. In Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP), 2013 IEEE International Conference on, pages 5870–5874, May 2013.
[4] Duan Li and Xiaoling Sun. Nonlinear Integer Programming. International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Springer, 2006.
[5] Ewout van den Berg and Michael P. Friedlander. SPGL1: A solver for large-scale sparse reconstruction, June 2007. http://www.cs.ubc.ca/labs/scl/spgl1.
[6] Ewout van den Berg and Michael P. Friedlander. Probing the pareto frontier for basis pursuit solutions. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 31(2):890–912, 2008.
[7] Ewout van den Berg and Michael P. Friedlander. Sparse optimization with least-squares constraints. SIAM J. Optimization, 21(4):1201–1229, 2011.
[8] Ewout van den Berg, Michael P. Friedlander, Gilles Hennenfent, Felix J. Herrmann, Rayan Saab, and ¨Ozg¨ur Yilmaz. Algorithm 890: Sparco: A testing framework for sparse reconstruction. ACM Trans. Math. Softw., 35(4):29:1–29:16, February 2009.

The machine learning community has witnessed significant advances recently in the realm of image recognition [1,2]. Advances in computing power – primarily through the use of GPUs – has enabled a resurgence of neural networks with far more layers than was previously possible. For instance, the winning team, GoogLeNet [1,3], at the ImageNet 2014 competition triumphed with a 43.9% mean average precision, while the previous year’s winner, University of Amsterdam, won with 22.6% mean average precision.

Neural networks mimic the neurons in the brain. As in the human brain, multiple layers of computational “neurons” are designed to react to a variety of stimuli. For instance, a typical scheme to construct a neural network could involve building a layer of neurons that detects edges in an image. An additional layer could then be added which would be trained (optimized) to detect larger regions or shapes. The combination of these two layers could then identify and separate different objects present in a photograph. Adding further layers would allow the network to use the shapes to decipher the types of objects recorded in the image.

Goal of this project

An issue facing industries that deal with large numbers of digital photographs, such as magazines and retailers, is photo accuracy. Nearly all photos used in such contexts undergo some amount of editing (“Photoshopping”). Given the volume of photographs, mistakes occur [4]. Many of these images fall within a very narrow scope. An example would be the images used within a specific category of apparel on a retailer’s website. Detecting anomalies automatically in such cases would enable retailers such as Target to filter out mistakes before they enter production. By training a modern deep convolution neural network [1,5] on a collection of correct images within a narrow category, we would like to construct a network which will learn to recognize well-edited images. This amounts to learning a distribution of correct images so that poorly-edited images may be flagged as anomalies or outliers.

Keywords: neural networks, deep learning, image processing, machine learning

Prerequisites: Programming experience in Python. Experience in a Linux environment is a plus.

Developing a product to attain market maturity is a long process. Within this process it is important to make the right decisions, especially when conflicting goals arise. These are typically defined by ambitious product requirements in partly competing dimensions.

In the development of electric tools and accessories, such as those produced in a mechanical engineering enterprise like Hilti, lightweight construction, long-life cycle, robustness, high performance and low costs are typical targets. Regarding so called combis and breakers (see Figure 1) there exist corresponding key values, which help the customer to assess the product: single impact energy, weight, rated power, operator’s comfort, vibration level. The implication of these user oriented requirements present the most challenging task for development in generating a lightweight design having high performance and robustness. The task is especially demanding due to high dynamics inherent in the tools, causing very complex impact loads.

Combis and breakers achieve their huge performance from the so called electro-pneumatic hammering mechanism: ‘the heart of the tool.’ It consists of several pistons that achieve high velocities and a pneumatic spring which generates high pressures. The interaction of these different machine parts leads to very high stresses for the tool components, requiring a particularly robust design.

In this project we will perform a case study of a simulation based design, where we will pick up a real-life problem from industry, the so called chuck of a combi-hammer. As mentioned above, throughout its entire life time the chuck is frequently loaded by high impact. During our development process we have to ensure that the chuck subassembly reaches the lifetime target in a robust and reliable design. We will also practice team-based strategies to master all the unexpected difficulties arising in any complex collaborative development process.

The structure of the workshop will be a sequence of short introductory lectures, student’s research and intensive discussion phases.